Bachar al-Assad

Damascus: A Ruthless Universe…

“One people, two countries,” proclaimed Hafez al-Assad. Syria's role in Lebanon's disintegration is significant. The 100-day battle in 1978, during which the Syrian army surrounded and incessantly bombarded the Ashrafieh neighborhoods, the brutal siege of Zahleh in 1981… These events, among many others, are deeply ingrained in collective ...