From translating thoughts into words to allowing paralyzed people to walk, the field of neuro technology has been quietly surging ahead, raising hopes of medical breakthroughs -- and profound ethical concerns.
Some observers even think that neuro tech could end up being as revolutionary as the far more hyped rise of artificial intelligence (AI).
"People do not realize how much we're already living in science fiction," King's College London researcher Anne Vanhoestenberghe told AFP.
The scientist leads a laboratory developing electronic devices that are implanted into a person's nervous system -- not just the brain, but also the spinal cord that transmits signals to the rest of the body.
It has been a big couple of years for neuro tech research. In June, Californian scientists revealed that a brain implant they developed could translate the thoughts of a man with the neurodegenerative disease ALS into words almost instantly, in just one-fortieth of a second.
Swiss researchers, meanwhile, have enabled several paralyzed people to regain significant control of their body -- including walking again -- by implanting electrodes into their spinal cords.
These experiments, and other trailblazers in the field, are still far from restoring full capability to patients who have lost the ability to talk or walk.
It also remains to be seen how such technology, some of which requires invasive brain surgery, could be made available to people in need across the world.
But still, "the general public is unaware of what is already out there and changing lives," Vanhoestenberghe said.
And these devices are becoming more effective at a remarkable rate, she emphasized.
"Previously it took thousands of hours of training before someone could compose several words using their thoughts," she said. "Now it only takes a couple."
Musk wants human-AI 'symbiosis.'
Neuro technology has been propelled by a combination of scientific advances -- including growing understanding of the human brain -- and technological progress which has shrunk devices down so small they can slot into our skulls.
Algorithms using artificial intelligence have significantly sped things along, helping to interpret and transform the data coming from brains.
Numerous start-ups that have emerged since the late 2000s have raised tens of billions of dollars for research that has only recently started translating into concrete achievements.
The most publicized company is billionaire Elon Musk's Neuralink, which says that it has now implanted 12 people with its chip.
While Musk has made characteristically lofty claims, experts have remained cautious about his firm's accomplishments.
"Neuralink is currently just smoke and mirrors, with a lot of hype," Herve Chneiweiss, a neurologist and expert in ethics at France's research organization INSERM, told AFP.
However, "the day they manage to produce commercial products -- and it won't be long -- it will be too late to worry about it," he cautioned.
Many experts are concerned about the ethical implications of neuro technology -- particularly because some companies are looking well beyond healthcare applications, instead hoping to use computers to improve our cognitive abilities.
Musk, for one, has repeatedly said he ultimately wants Neuralink to allow humans to achieve "symbiosis" with AI.
'Innermost thoughts under threat'
Against this background, the United Nations' agency for science and culture UNESCO recently approved recommendations for how nations can regulate neuro technology.
These recommendations -- which are not legally binding -- are due to come into effect on Wednesday.
The authors, who include Chneiweiss, adopted a broad definition of neuro tech. It includes devices already widely available, such as smartwatches and headsets that do not directly interact with the brain but instead measure indicators providing an idea of the user's mental state.
"Today, the main risk is invasion of privacy: our innermost thoughts are under threat," Chneiweiss said.
He warned, for example, that neuro tech data could "fall into the hands of your boss," who could then decide that you are not spending enough time thinking about work.
Some have already started trying to address such concerns.
Late last year, the US state of California, a global hub of neuro tech research, passed a law protecting the brain data of consumers.
By Julien Dury/AFP
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